40 Hadith Nawawi 8

الحديث الثامن

حرمة دم المسلم وماله

عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ قَالَ: (أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدَاً رَسُوْلُ اللهِ وَيُقِيْمُوْا الصَّلاةَ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ فَإِذَا فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءهَمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلاَّ بِحَقِّ الإِسْلامِ وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ تَعَالَى) رواه البخاري ومسلم

Hadith 8: The sanctity of a Muslim’s blood and wealth On the authority of Ibn Umar, may God be pleased with them both, that the Messenger of God said: (I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is the Messenger of God, and establish prayer and pay zakat. If they do that, they will have protected their blood and wealth from me, except for the right of Islam, and their reckoning will be with God Almighty.) Narrated by Al-Bukhari and Muslim

شرح الحديث الثامن

حرمة دم المسلم وماله

قوله:)أُمِرْتُ ) بالبناء لما لم يسمّ فاعلهُ، لأن الفاعل معلوم و هو الله عزّ وجل، وإبهام المعلوم سائغ لغة واستعمالاً سواء: في الأمور الكونية. أو في الأمور الشرعية. وقوله: (أُمِرْتُ) أي أمرني ربي. والأمرُ: طلب الفعل على وجه الاستعلاء، أي أن الآمر أو طالب الفعل يرى أنه في منزلة فوق منزلة المأمور، لأنه لو أمر من يساويه سمي عندهم التماساً، ولو طلب ممن فوقه سمي دعاءً وسؤالاً. وقوله: (أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ ) هذا المأمور به. والمقاتلة غير القتل. – فالمقاتلة: أن يسعى في جهاد الأعداء حتى تكون كلمة الله هي العليا. -والقتل: أن يقتل شخصاً بعينه، ولهذا نقول: ليس كل ما جازت المقاتلة جاز القتل، فالقتل أضيق ولا يجوز إلا بشروط معروفة، والمقاتلة أوسع، قال الله تبارك وتعالى: (وَإِنْ طَائِفَتَانِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اقْتَتَلُوا فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا فَإِنْ بَغَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى الْأُخْرَى فَقَاتِلُوا الَّتِي تَبْغِي حَتَّى تَفِيءَ إِلَى أَمْرِ اللَّه) فأمر بقتالها وهي مؤمنة لايحل قتلها ولا يباح دمها لكن من أجل الإصلاح. وقاتل أبو بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه مانعي الزكاة ولكن لايقتلهم، بل قاتلهم حتى يذعنوا للحق . وقوله: (حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ الله ) (حتى) هل هي للتعليل بمعنى أن أقاتل ليشهدوا، أو هي للغاية بمعنى أقاتلهم إلى أن يشهدوا؟ والجواب: هي تحتمل أن تكون للتعليل ولكن الثاني أظهر، يعني أقاتلهم إلى أن يشهدوا. و (حتى) تأتي للتعليل وتأتي للغاية، وقوله:)أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ الله) أي لا معبود حقّ إلا الله عزّ وجل، فهو الذي عبادته حقّ، وما سواه فعبادته باطلة. وقوله:)وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدَاً رَسُوْلُ اللهِ) محمد: هو ابن عبد الله، وأبرز اسمه ولم يقل: وأني رسول الله للتفخيم والتعظيم. ورسول الله: يعني مرسله. وقوله:)وَيُقِيْمُوا الصَّلاةَ) أي يفعلوها قائمة وقويمة على ماجاءت به الشريعة. والصلاة هنا عامة، لكن المراد بها الخاص، وهي الصلوات الخمس، ولهذا لو تركوا النوافل فلا يقاتلون . وقوله:)وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ) أي يعطوها مستحقّها. والزكاة: هي النصيب المفروض في الأموال الزكوية. وقوله:)فَإِذَا فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ) أي شهدوا أن لا إله إلا الله، وأن محمداً رسول الله، وأقاموا الصلاة وآتوا الزكاة. وقوله:)عَصَمُوا) أي منعوا. وقوله:)مِنِّي دِمَاءهَم وَأَمْوَالَهُم) أي فلا يحل أن أقاتلهم وأستبيح دماءهم، ولا أن أغنم أموالهم، لأنهم دخلوا في الإسلام. وقوله:)إِلاَّ بِحَقِّ الإِسْلامِ) هذا استثناء لكنه استثناء عام، يعني: إلا أن تباح دماؤهم وأموالهم بحق الإسلام، مثل: زنا الثيّب، والقصاص وما أشبه ذلك، يعني: إلا بحق يوجبه الإسلام. وقوله:)وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ تَعَالَى) أي محاسبتهم على الأعمال على الله تعالى، أما النبي ﷺ فليس عليه إلا البلاغ. فهذا الحديث أصلٌ وقاعدةٌ في جواز مقاتلة الناس،وأنه لا يجوز مقاتلتهم إلا بهذا السبب.

Explanation of the eighth hadith: The sanctity of a Muslim’s blood and money.

His saying: “I have been commanded” is in the nominative case because the doer is known, and He is Allah, the Almighty, and the ambiguity of the known is permissible in language and usage, whether in cosmic matters or in religious matters. His saying: “I have been commanded” means my Lord commanded me. Command: is to request an action in a superior manner, meaning that the one commanding or requesting an action sees that he is in a position above the one commanded, because if he commanded someone equal to him, it would be called a request, and if he asked someone above him, it would be called a supplication and a request. His saying: “To fight people” is what is commanded. Fighting is not killing. Fighting: is to strive in jihad against the enemies until the word of Allah is supreme. – Killing: is to kill a specific person, and for this reason we say: Not everything that fighting is permissible is killing, as killing is narrower and is not permissible except under known conditions, while fighting is broader. Allah the Almighty said: (And if two parties among the believers should fight, then make settlement between them. But if one of them oppresses the other, then fight against the one that oppresses until it returns to the command of Allah.) So He ordered fighting her while she is a believer, it is not permissible to kill her and her blood is not permissible, but for the sake of reconciliation. Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) fought those who refused to pay zakat, but he did not kill them, rather he fought them until they submitted to the truth. His statement: (Until they testify that there is no god but Allah) Is (until) for the purpose meaning that I fight so that they testify, or is it for the purpose meaning that I fight them until they testify? The answer is: It is possible that it is for the purpose, but the second is more apparent, meaning I fight them until they testify. And (until) comes for the purpose and comes for the purpose, and His statement: (That there is no god but Allah) means there is no true god but Allah, the Almighty, so He is the One whose worship is true, and everything else is false. And His statement: (And that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah) Muhammad is the son of Abdullah, and he made his name prominent and did not say: And I am the Messenger of Allah for the sake of glorification and respect. And the Messenger of Allah means His Messenger. And His statement: (And establish prayer) means they perform it upright and correct according to what the Shariah has brought. Prayer here is general, but what is meant by it is specific, which is the five daily prayers. Therefore, if they abandon the voluntary prayers, they are not to be fought. And His statement: (and give the zakat) means they give it to those who deserve it. Zakat is the obligatory share of the zakatable wealth. And His statement: (then when they do that) means they testify that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer and give zakat. And His statement: (they are protected) means they are prevented. And His statement: (from me their bloods and their wealth) means it is not permissible for me to fight them and make their blood permissible, nor to take their wealth as booty, because they have entered Islam. His statement: “Except by the right of Islam” is an exception, but it is a general exception, meaning: except that their blood and wealth are permissible by the right of Islam, such as: adultery of a married woman, retaliation and the like, meaning: except by a right that Islam requires. His statement: “And their reckoning is with Allah” means that their reckoning for their deeds is with Allah Almighty. As for the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), he is only responsible for conveying the message. This hadith is a foundation and a principle for the permissibility of fighting people, and that it is not permissible to fight them except for this reason.